Margarine:ke aho jalehae sebedisoang ho ala, ho baka le ho pheha.Qalong e bōpiloe e le sebaka sabotoroka 1869 Fora ka Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Margarinee entsoe haholo ka oli ea limela le metsi a hydrogenated kapa a hloekisitsoeng.
Leha ho le joalobotoroe entsoe ka mafura a lebese,margarinee entsoe ka oli ea limela hape e kanna ea ba le lebese.Libakeng tse ling e bitsoa "oleo", e khuts'oane bakeng sa oleomargarine.
Margarine, joalo kabotoro, e na le emulsion ea metsi ka har'a mafura, e nang le marotholi a manyenyane a metsi a qhalakantsoeng ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho pholletsa le karolo ea mafura e leng ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa kristale.Margarine e na le mafura a fokolang a 80%, a tšoanang le botoro, empa ho fapana le mefuta ea botoro e fokolitsoeng-mafura a margarine e ka boela ea ngoloa e le margarine.Margarine e ka sebelisoa ka bobeli bakeng sa ho hasa le ho baka le ho pheha.E boetse e sebelisoa hangata joalo ka motsoako oa lihlahisoa tse ling tsa lijo, joalo ka likuku le likuku, bakeng sa mesebetsi e mengata e fapaneng.
Mokhoa oa motheo oaho etsa margarinekajeno e na le emulsifying motsoako oa oli ea meroho e nang le hydrogenated le lebese la skimmed, ho chesa motsoako ho o tiisa le ho o sebetsa ho ntlafatsa sebopeho.Mafura a meroho le a liphoofolo ke metsoako e tšoanang e nang le lintlha tse fapaneng tsa ho qhibiliha.Mafura ao a leng mokelikeli mochesong oa kamore hangata a tsejoa e le oli.Lintlha tse qhibilihang li amana le ho ba teng ha carbon-carbon double bonds likarolong tsa mafura a acid.Palo e phahameng ea li-bond tse peli e fana ka lintlha tse tlase tse qhibilihang.
Karolo e itseng ea hydrogenation ea oli e tloaelehileng ea semela ho karolo e tloaelehileng ea margarine.Boholo ba likamano tse peli tsa C = C li tlosoa ts'ebetsong ena, e leng se phahamisang ntlha ea ho qhibiliha ea sehlahisoa.
Ka tloaelo, oli ea tlhaho e na le hydrogenated ka ho fetisa hydrogen ka har'a oli ka boteng ba nickel catalyst, tlas'a maemo a laoloang.Ho eketsoa ha hydrogen ho li-unsaturated bonds (alkenes double C = C bonds) ho fella ka litlamo tsa CC tse tletseng, ka katleho ho eketsa ntlha ea ho qhibiliha ha oli 'me kahoo "e thatafatsa".Sena se bakoa ke ho eketseha ha matla a van der Waals pakeng tsa limolek'hule tse tletseng metsi ha li bapisoa le limolek'hule tse sa saturated.Leha ho le joalo, kaha ho na le melemo e ka 'nang ea e-ba teng ea bophelo bo botle ka ho fokotsa palo ea mafura a mangata lijong tsa batho, mokhoa ona o laoloa e le hore ho na le litlamo tse lekaneng feela tse nang le hydrogenated ho fana ka mokhoa o hlokahalang.
Ho boleloa hore li-margarine tse entsoeng ka tsela ena li na le mafura a hydrogenated.Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa kajeno bakeng sa li-margarine tse ling le hoja ts'ebetso e se e ntlafalitsoe 'me ka linako tse ling ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tse ling tsa tšepe tse kang palladium.Haeba hydrogenation e sa phethoa (ho thatafatsa ka mokhoa o itseng), mocheso o batlang o le holimo o sebelisoang ts'ebetsong ea hydrogenation o atisa ho flip tse ling tsa carbon-carbon double bonds ka mokhoa oa "trans".Haeba litlamo tsena li se na hydrogenated nakong ea ts'ebetso, li tla be li ntse li le teng ka margarine ea ho qetela ka limolek'hule tsa mafura a trans, ao tšebeliso ea eona e bontšitsoeng e le kotsi ea lefu la pelo.Ka lebaka lena, mafura a thata ka mokhoa o itseng a sebelisoa hanyane ka hanyane indastering ea margarine.Lioli tse ling tsa tropike, tse kang oli ea palema le oli ea kokonate, ka tlhaho li tiile 'me ha li hloke hydrogenation.
Majarine ea morao-rao e ka etsoa ka mafura leha e le afe a mefuta-futa a liphoofolo kapa a meroho, a kopantsoeng le lebese le kolobisitsoeng, letsoai le litlolo tse etsang monko o monate.Margarine le mafura a merohojalae fumanoang 'marakeng e ka tloha ho 10 ho isa ho 90% mafura.Ho itšetlehile ka mafura a eona a ho qetela le morero oa eona (ho hasanya, ho pheha kapa ho baka), boemo ba metsi le oli ea meroho e sebelisoang e tla fapana hanyenyane.Oli e hatelloa ho tloha lipeo ebe e hloekisoa.Joale e kopanngoa le mafura a tiileng.Haeba ho se na mafura a tiileng a kenyelletsoeng ka oli ea meroho, ba qetellang ba kena ka mokhoa o feletseng kapa o sa fellang oa hydrogenation ho ba tiisa.
Motsoako o hlahisoang o kopane le metsi, citric acid, carotenoids, divithamini le phofo ea lebese.Li-emulsifiers tse kang lecithin li thusa ho hasanya karolo ea metsi ka ho lekana ho pholletsa le oli, 'me letsoai le li-preservative le tsona lia eketsoa hangata.Emulsion ena ea oli le metsi e ntan'o futhumatsoa, e kopantsoe, 'me e pholile.Li-margarine tsa li-tub tse bonolo li entsoe ka oli e fokolang ea hydrogenated, metsi a mangata ho feta thibela margarine.
Mefuta e meraro ea margarine e tloaelehile:
Mafura a bonolo a merohojala, mafura a mangata a mono-kapa a polyunsaturated, a entsoeng ka safflower, soneblomo, soya, peo ea cottonseed, rapeseed, kapa oli ea mohloaare.
Margarine ka botlolo ho pheha kapa lijana tse holimo
Majarine e thata, ka kakaretso e se nang 'mala bakeng sa ho pheha kapa ho baka.
Ho kopanya le botoro.
Litafole tse ngata tse ratoang tse rekisoang kajeno ke motsoako oa margarine le botoro kapa lihlahisoa tse ling tsa lebese.Ho kopanya, e sebelisetsoang ho ntlafatsa tatso ea margarine, e ne e le nako e telele e seng molaong linaheng tse kang United States le Australia.Tlas'a litaelo tsa European Union, sehlahisoa sa margarine se ke ke sa bitsoa "botoro", le haeba boholo ba sona bo na le botoro ea tlhaho.Linaheng tse ling tsa Europe litafole tse entsoeng ka botoro le lihlahisoa tsa margarine li rekisoa e le "metsoako ea botoro".
Metsoako ea botoro hona joale e etsa karolo e kholo ea 'maraka o phatlalalitsoeng tafoleng.Letšoao "Ha ke Lumele Hase Botoro!"e hlahisitse mefuta e fapaneng ea liphatlalatso tse tšoanang tseo hona joale li ka fumanoang lishelefong tsa lisuphamakete lefatšeng ka bophara, tse nang le mabitso a kang "Beautifully Butterfully", "Butterlicious", "Utterly Butterly", le "You'd Butter Believe It".Metsoako ena ea botoro e qoba lithibelo tsa ho ngola, ka mekhoa ea ho bapatsa e fanang ka maikutlo a ho tšoana ho matla le botoro ea 'nete.Mabitso a joalo a rekisoang a hlahisa sehlahisoa ho bareki ka tsela e fapaneng le mangolo a hlokahalang a bitsang margarine "oli ea meroho e nang le hydrogenated".
Nako ea poso: Jun-04-2021