Tlhahiso ea Margarine

Margarine: Ke sesepa se sebelisetsoang ho hasa, ho baka le ho pheha.E thehiloe qalong e le sebaka sa botoro ka 1869 Fora ke Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Margarine e entsoe haholo-holo ka oli ea limela le metsi a hydrogenated kapa a hloekisitsoeng.

Le hoja botoro e entsoe ka mafura a lebese, margarine e entsoe ka oli ea limela 'me e ka 'na ea e-ba le lebese.Libakeng tse ling e bitsoa "oleo", e khuts'oane bakeng sa oleomargarine.

Margarine, joalo ka botoro, e na le emulsion ea metsi ka har'a mafura, e nang le marotholi a manyane a metsi a hasaneng ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho pholletsa le karolo ea mafura a sebopeho se tsitsitseng sa kristale.Margarine e na le mafura a fokolang a 80%, a tšoanang le botoro, empa ho fapana le mefuta ea botoro e fokolitsoeng-mafura a margarine e ka boela ea ngoloa e le margarine.Margarine e ka sebelisoa ka bobeli bakeng sa ho hasa le ho baka le ho pheha.E boetse e sebelisoa hangata joalo ka motsoako oa lihlahisoa tse ling tsa lijo, joalo ka likuku le likuku, bakeng sa mesebetsi e mengata e fapaneng.

Mokhoa oa mantlha oa ho etsa margarine kajeno o na le emulsifying motsoako oa oli ea meroho e nang le hydrogenated le lebese la skimmed, ho pholile motsoako ho o tiisa le ho o sebetsa ho ntlafatsa sebopeho.Mafura a meroho le a liphoofolo ke metsoako e tšoanang e nang le lintlha tse fapaneng tsa ho qhibiliha.Mafura ao a leng mokelikeli mochesong oa kamore hangata a tsejoa e le oli.Lintlha tse qhibilihang li amana le ho ba teng ha carbon-carbon double bonds likarolong tsa mafura a acid.Palo e phahameng ea li-bond tse peli e fana ka lintlha tse tlase tse qhibilihang.
Karolo e itseng ea hydrogenation ea oli e tloaelehileng ea semela ho karolo e tloaelehileng ea margarine.Boholo ba likamano tse peli tsa C = C li tlosoa ts'ebetsong ena, e leng se phahamisang ntlha ea ho qhibiliha ea sehlahisoa.

Ka tloaelo, oli ea tlhaho e na le hydrogenated ka ho fetisa hydrogen ka har'a oli ka boteng ba nickel catalyst, tlas'a maemo a laoloang.Ho eketsoa ha haedrojene ho li-unsaturated bonds (alkenes double C = C bonds) ho fella ka litlamo tsa CC tse tletseng, ka katleho ho eketsa ntlha ea ho qhibiliha ha oli 'me kahoo "e thatafatsa".Sena se bakoa ke ho eketseha ha matla a van der Waals pakeng tsa limolek'hule tse tletseng metsi ha li bapisoa le limolek'hule tse sa saturated.Leha ho le joalo, kaha ho na le melemo e ka 'nang ea e-ba teng ea bophelo bo botle ka ho fokotsa palo ea mafura a mangata lijong tsa batho, mokhoa ona o laoloa e le hore ho na le litlamo tse lekaneng feela tse nang le hydrogenated ho fana ka mokhoa o hlokahalang.

Ho boleloa hore li-margarine tse entsoeng ka tsela ena li na le mafura a hydrogenated.Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa kajeno bakeng sa li-margarine tse ling le hoja ts'ebetso e se e ntlafalitsoe 'me ka linako tse ling ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tse ling tsa tšepe tse kang palladium.Haeba hydrogenation e sa phethoa (ho thatafatsa ka mokhoa o itseng), mocheso o batlang o le holimo o sebelisoang ts'ebetsong ea hydrogenation o atisa ho flip tse ling tsa carbon-carbon double bonds ka mokhoa oa "trans".Haeba litlamo tsena li se na hydrogenated nakong ea ts'ebetso, li tla be li ntse li le teng ka margarine ea ho qetela ka limolek'hule tsa mafura a trans, ao tšebeliso ea eona e bontšitsoeng e le kotsi ea lefu la pelo.Ka lebaka lena, mafura a thata ka mokhoa o itseng a sebelisoa hanyane ka hanyane indastering ea margarine.Lioli tse ling tsa tropike, tse kang oli ea palema le oli ea kokonate, ka tlhaho li tiile 'me ha li hloke hydrogenation.

Majarine ea morao-rao e ka etsoa ka mafura leha e le afe a mefuta-futa a liphoofolo kapa a meroho, a kopantsoeng le lebese le kolobisitsoeng, letsoai le litlolo tse etsang monko o monate.Margarine le mafura a meroho a jalang a fumanehang 'marakeng a ka tloha ho 10 ho isa ho 90% ea mafura.Ho itšetlehile ka mafura a eona a ho qetela le morero oa eona (ho hasanya, ho pheha kapa ho baka), boemo ba metsi le oli ea meroho e sebelisoang e tla fapana hanyenyane.Oli e hatelloa ho tloha lipeo ebe e hloekisoa.Joale e kopanngoa le mafura a tiileng.Haeba ho se na mafura a tiileng a kenyelletsoeng ka oli ea meroho, ba qetellang ba kena ka mokhoa o feletseng kapa o sa fellang oa hydrogenation ho ba tiisa.

Motsoako o hlahisoang o kopane le metsi, citric acid, carotenoids, divithamini le phofo ea lebese.Li-emulsifiers tse kang lecithin li thusa ho hasanya karolo ea metsi ka ho lekana ho pholletsa le oli, 'me letsoai le li-preservative le tsona lia eketsoa hangata.Emulsion ena ea oli le metsi e ntan'o futhumatsoa, ​​​​e kopantsoe, 'me e pholile.Li-margarine tsa li-tub tse bonolo li entsoe ka oli e fokolang ea hydrogenated, metsi a mangata ho feta thibela margarine.

Mefuta e meraro ea margarine e tloaelehile:
Mafura a bonolo a meroho, a nang le mafura a mangata a mono- kapa a polyunsaturated, a entsoeng ka safflower, soneblomo, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed, kapa oli ea mohloaare.
Margarine ka botlolo ho pheha kapa lijana tse holimo
Majarine e thata, ka kakaretso e se nang 'mala bakeng sa ho pheha kapa ho baka.
Ho kopanya le botoro.
Litafole tse ngata tse ratoang tse rekisoang kajeno ke motsoako oa margarine le botoro kapa lihlahisoa tse ling tsa lebese.Ho kopanya, e sebelisetsoang ho ntlafatsa tatso ea margarine, e ne e le nako e telele e seng molaong linaheng tse kang United States le Australia.Tlas'a litaelo tsa European Union, sehlahisoa sa margarine se ke ke sa bitsoa "botoro", le haeba boholo ba sona bo na le botoro ea tlhaho.Linaheng tse ling tsa Europe litafole tse entsoeng ka botoro le lihlahisoa tsa margarine li rekisoa e le "metsoako ea botoro".
Metsoako ea botoro hona joale e etsa karolo e kholo ea 'maraka o phatlalalitsoeng tafoleng.Letšoao la “Ha ke Lumele Hore Hase Botoro!”e hlahisitse mefuta e fapaneng ea liphatlalatso tse tšoanang tse ka fumanehang hona joale lishelefong tsa lisuphamakete lefatšeng ka bophara, tse nang le mabitso a kang “Beautifully Butterfully”, “Butterlicious”, “Utterly Butterly”, le “U tla Lumela Botoro”.Metsoako ena ea botoro e qoba lithibelo tsa ho ngola, ka mekhoa ea ho bapatsa e fanang ka maikutlo a ho tšoana ho matla le botoro ea 'nete.Mabitso a joalo a rekisoang a hlahisa sehlahisoa ho bareki ka tsela e fapaneng le li-label tsa lihlahisoa tse hlokahalang tse bitsang margarine "oli ea meroho e nang le hydrogenated".

Phepo e nepahetseng
Lipuisano tse mabapi le boleng ba phepo ea majarine le li-spreadshes li pota-potile likarolo tse peli - palo eohle ea mafura, le mefuta ea mafura (mafura a mangata, mafura a trans).Hangata, papiso pakeng tsa margarine le botoro e kenyelelitsoe moelelong ona hape.

Palo ea mafura.
Mesebetsi ea botoro le margarine ea setso (mafura a 80%) a tšoana le matla a bona a matla, empa li-margarine tse nang le mafura a tlaase le li-spreads li fumaneha haholo.

Mafura a khorelelitsoeng.
Li-saturated fatty acids ha lia ka tsa amahanngoa ka ho feletseng le maemo a phahameng a k'holeseterole maling.Ho fetola mafura a saturated le a trans unsaturated ka mafura a monounsaturated le a polyunsaturated a nonhydrogenated a sebetsa haholo ho thibela lefu la pelo ho basali ho feta ho fokotsa mafura ka kakaretso.Bona khang ea mafura a mangata le lefu la pelo.
Mafura a meroho a ka ba le eng kapa eng pakeng tsa 7% le 86% saturated fatty acids.Oli ea metsi (oli ea canola, oli ea soneblomo) e atisa ho ba boemong bo tlaase, ha oli ea tropike (oli ea kokonate, oli ea palema ea palema) le oli e thata ka ho feletseng (hydrogenated) e le qetellong ea sekala.Motsoako oa margarine ke motsoako oa mefuta e 'meli ea likarolo.Ka kakaretso, li-margarine tse tiileng li na le mafura a mangata.
Majarine e tloaelehileng ea tub e na le 10% ho isa ho 20% ea mafura a mafura.Butterfat e tloaelehileng e na le mafura a mafura a 52 ho isa ho 65%.

Mafura a sa koaeloang.
Tšebeliso ea li-unsaturated fatty acids e fumanoe e fokotsa maemo a k'holeseterole ea LDL le ho eketsa maemo a k'holeseterole ea HDL maling, kahoo e fokotsa kotsi ea ho tšoaroa ke mafu a pelo.
Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea oli ea unsaturated: mafura a mono- le a polyunsaturated ao ka bobeli a nkoang a le molemo bophelong ho fapana le mafura a mafura.Lioli tse ling tsa meroho tse lengoang haholo, tse kang rapeseed (le mofuta oa eona oa canola), soneblomo, safflower le oli ea mohloaare li na le mafura a mangata a sa koaeloang.Nakong ea ho etsoa ha margarine, mafura a mang a sa tsitsang a ka fetoloa mafura a hydrogenated kapa mafura a trans e le ho a fa sebaka se phahameng sa ho qhibiliha e le hore a tiee mocheso oa kamore.
Omega-3 fatty acids ke lelapa la polyunsaturated fatty acids, e fumanoeng e le molemo haholo bakeng sa bophelo bo botle.Ena ke e 'ngoe ea li- Essential fatty acids tse peli, e bitsoang hobane batho ha ba khone ho e etsa 'me ba tlameha ho e fumana lijong.Li-Omega-3 fatty acids hangata li fumanoa litlhaping tse mafura tse ts'oaroang metsing a phahameng.Ha li tloaelehe ha li bapisoa le mehloli ea meroho, ho kenyeletsoa le margarine.
Leha ho le joalo, mofuta o le mong oa Omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA) o ka fumanoa lioling tse ling tsa meroho.Oli ea folaxe e na le -to-% ea ALA, 'me e fetoha tlatsetso e tsebahalang ea lijo ho oli ea tlhapi e qothisanang lehlokoa le eona;ka bobeli li atisa ho eketsoa ho li-margarine tsa premium.Semela sa khale sa oli, camelina sativa, se sa tsoa tsebahala ka lebaka la Omega-3 e ngata (- ho-%), 'me e kenyelelitsoe ho li-margarine tse ling.Oli ea hemp e na le hoo e ka bang -% ALA.Likarolo tse nyane tsa ALA li fumanoa lioling tsa meroho joalo ka oli ea soya (-%), oli ea rapeseed (-%) le oli ea kokoana-hloko ea koro (-%).
Omega-6 fatty acids.
Li-Omega-6 fatty acids le tsona li bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo bo botle.Li kenyelletsa mafura a bohlokoa a linoleic acid (LA), a fumanehang ka bongata oli ea meroho e lengoang libakeng tse futhumetseng.Tse ling, joalo ka hemp (-%) le poone ea oli e tloaelehileng ea margarine (-%), cottonseed (-%) le soneblomo (-%), li na le bongata, empa boholo ba peo ea oli e itekanetseng e na le ho feta -% LA.Margarine e na le mafura a mangata haholo a omega-6.Lijo tsa sejoale-joale tsa Bophirima hangata li phahame haholo ho Omega-6 empa li haella haholo ho Omega-3.Karolelano ea omega-6 ho omega- ka tloaelo ke - ho -.Likarolo tse ngata tsa omega-6 li fokotsa phello ea omega-3.Ka hona, ho kgothaletswa hore karo-karolelano ya dijo e be ka tlase ho 4:1, le hoja tekanyo e nepahetseng e ka ba haufi le 1:1.

Mafura a Tran.
Ho fapana le mafura a mang a lijo, li-trans fatty acid ha li bohlokoa ebile ha li fane ka molemo o tsebahalang bophelong ba motho.Ho na le mokhoa o motle pakeng tsa ho ja mafura a mafura le LDL cholesterol, 'me ka hona kotsi e eketsehileng ea lefu la pelo, ka ho phahamisa maemo a LDL cholesterol le ho theola maemo a HDL cholesterol.
Liphuputso tse ngata tse kholo li bonts'itse kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea mafura a mangata le lefu la pelo, mohlomong le mafu a mang, e leng se entseng hore mekhatlo e mengata ea bophelo bo botle ea mmuso lefats'eng ka bophara e khothaletse hore ho jeoa ha mafura a trans-fats ho fokotsoe.
Naheng ea Amerika, karolo ea hydrogenation e tloaelehile ka lebaka la khetho ea oli e hlahisoang ka lapeng.Leha ho le joalo, ho tloha bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1990, linaha tse ngata lefatšeng ka bophara li ile tsa qala ho suthela hōle le ho sebelisa oli e sa fellang ka hydrogenated.Sena se ile sa lebisa tlhahisong ea mefuta e mecha ea margarine e nang le mafura a seng makae kapa a se nang mafura a Tran.
K'holeseterole.
K'holeseterole e feteletseng ke kotsi ea bophelo bo botle hobane li-deposit tse mafura butle-butle li koala methapo ea mali.Sena se tla etsa hore phallo ea mali bokong, pelo, liphio le likarolo tse ling tsa 'mele e se ke ea sebetsa hantle.Leha ho le joalo, k'holeseterole e hlokahala ka mokhoa oa metabolism, ha e hlokahale lijong.'Mele oa motho o etsa k'holeseterole sebeteng, o fetola tlhahiso ho latela lijo tseo e li jang, o hlahisa hoo e ka bang 1g ea k'holeseterole ka letsatsi kapa 80% ea kakaretso ea k'holeseterole e hlokahalang 'meleng.20% e setseng e tsoa ka kotloloho ho tsoa lijong.
Ka hona, ho ja ka kakaretso k'holeseterole e le lijo ho na le phello e fokolang ho boemo ba k'holeseterole maling ho feta mofuta oa mafura a jeoang.Leha ho le joalo, batho ba bang ba arabela haholoanyane ho cholesterol ea lijo ho feta ba bang.US Food and Drug Administration e bolela hore batho ba phetseng hantle ha baa lokela ho ja ho feta 300 mg ea cholesterol letsatsi ka leng.
Li-margarine tse ngata li entsoe ka meroho, kahoo ha li na k'holeseterole.Ligrama tse 100 tsa botoro li na le 178 mg ea k'holeseterole.
Jala li-sterol ester le stanol esters
Li-sterol ester tsa semela kapa li-stanol ester tsa semela li kentsoe ho li-margarine tse ling 'me li ata ka lebaka la phello ea tsona ea ho theola k'holeseterole.Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bonts'itse hore tšebeliso ea ligrama tse 2 ka letsatsi e fana ka phokotso ea LDL cholesterol ka 10%.
Kamohelo ea 'maraka
Margarine, haholo-holo margarine e entsoeng ka polyunsaturated, e fetohile karolo e ka sehloohong ea lijo tsa Bophirimela ’me e se e tumme ka ho fetisisa bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, United States, ka mohlala, ka 1930, motho ea tloaelehileng o ne a ja lik’hilograma tse fetang 8,2 botoro ka selemo le lik'hilograma tse fetang 0,91 tsa margarine.Qetellong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, Moamerika ea tloaelehileng o ne a ja hoo e ka bang 5 lb (2.3 kg) ea botoro le hoo e ka bang 8 lb (3.6 kg) ea margarine.
Margarine e na le boleng bo itseng ba 'maraka ho ba bolokang melao ea lijo ea Sejuda ea Kashrut.Kashrut e thibela ho kopanya nama le lihlahisoa tsa lebese;ka hona ho na le li-margarine tsa Kosher tseo e seng tsa lebese tse fumanehang.Tsena li sebelisoa hangata ke moreki oa Kosher ho ikamahanya le litlolo tse sebelisang nama le botoro kapa linthong tse besitsoeng tse tla jeoa ka lijo tsa nama.Khaello ea margarine ea Paseka ea 2008 Amerika e ile ea baka tsitsipano e kholo har'a sechaba sa Kosher.
Margarine e se nang lihlahisoa tsa lebese e ka fana ka sebaka sa vegan bakeng sa botoro.
Oli ea meroho e nang le haedrojene e sebelisoa ka margarine e bonolo.
Oli ea meroho e nang le haedrojene e thibela margarine ho qhibiliha le ho arohana mocheso oa kamore.
Hangata margarine e etsoa ka ho etsa emulsion ea lebese la skimmed le oli ea meroho.Ha e le hantle margarine ea pele e ne e entsoe ka mafura a nama ea khomo.'Na, ka lekhetlo le leng, ke thabetse hore ebe ba fetotse risepe.U ka fumana lintlha tse ling ho:
Margarine e entsoe ka oli ea meroho e fumanoang mafura a limela le lebese la skim.Lioli tsena tsa meroho li kenyelletsa poone, cottonseed, soya le peo ea safflower.Ho etsa margarine ka oli ea meroho, qala ka ho ntša oli ho lipeo tse kang: poone, canola kapa safflower.Oli e tšeloa ka mouoane ho senya li-antioxidants le livithamine.
Ho etsa margarine ka oli ea meroho, qala ka ho ntša oli ho lipeo tse kang: poone, canola kapa safflower.Oli e tšeloa ka mouoane ho senya li-antioxidants le livithamine.Ka mor'a moo, oli eo e tsoakoa le ntho e chefo e ngata haholo e bitsoang nickel, e sebetsang e le ntho e susumetsang batho ho etsa lintho.Ka nako eo o tla kenya oli ka mochine, tlas'a mocheso o phahameng haholo le khatello ka mokhoa o tsejoang e le emulsification hydrogenation.Li-emulsifiers li kenngoa ka har'a oli e le hore li tlose likotoana ebe oli e buseletsoa hape.Bleaching e etsoa e le ho fumana 'mala o moputsoa' me li-vithamine tsa maiketsetso le mebala ea maiketsetso lia eketsoa.
Lioli tsa meroho li etsoa ka ho hatelloa ka serame joalo ka mohloaare le sesame, 'me li boetse li hloekisoa.Oli e hloekisitsoeng e kenyelletsa safflower kapa canola.
Ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea oli e sebelisoang ho lokiseng lijo le ho pheha.Lioli tsa meroho li arotsoe ho latela tšimoloho ea tsona, le mocheso oa ho pheha.
Bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi mabapi le foromo kapa mokhoa oa ho etsa lehlaka mabitso a Margarine/Botoro ka ak'haonte ea k'hamphani ea rona.